In Louis
IX of France were united the qualities of a just and upright sovereign, a
fearless warrior, and a saint. This crusading king was a living embodiment of
the Christianity of the time: he lived for the welfare of his subjects and the
glory of God. His father was Louis VIII, of the Capet line, and his mother was
the redoubtable Queen Blanche, daughter of King Alfonso of Castile and Eleanor
of England. Louis, the oldest son,* was born at Poissy on the Seine, a little
below Paris, on April 25,1214, and there was christened. Much of his virtue is
attributed to his mother's care, for the Queen devoted herself to her children's
education. Louis had tutors who made him a master of Latin, taught him to speak
easily in public and write with dignity and grace. He was instructed in the arts
of war and government and all other kingly accomplishments. But Blanche's
primary concern was to implant in him a deep regard and awe for everything
related to religion. She used often to say to him as he was growing up, "I
love you my dear son, as much as a mother can love her child; but I would rather
see you dead at my feet than that you should commit a mortal sin."
Louis never forgot his upbringing. His friend and biographer, the Sieur de
Joinville,[1] who accompanied him on his first crusade to the Holy Land, relates
that the King once asked him, "What is God?" Joinville replied,
"Sire, it is that which is so good that there can be nothing better."
"Well," said the King, "now tell me, would You rather be a leper
or commit a mortal sin?" The spectacle of the wretched lepers who wandered
along the highways of medieval Europe might well have prompted a sensitive
conscience to ask such a question. "I would rather commit thirty mortal
sins," answered Joinville, in all candor, "than be a leper."
Louis expostulated with him earnestly for making such a reply. "When a man
dies," he said, "he is healed of leprosy in his body; but when a man
who has committed a mortal sin dies he cannot know of a certainty that he has in
his lifetime repented in such sort that God has forgiven him; wherefore he must
stand in great fear lest that leprosy of sin last as long as God is in
Paradise."
After a reign of only three years, Louis VIII died, and Queen Blanche was
declared regent for her eleven-year-old son. To forestall an uprising of
restless nobles, she hastened the ceremony of Louis' coronation, which took
place at Rheims on the first Sunday of Advent, 1226. The boy was tall, and
mature for his age, yet he trembled as he took the solemn oath; he asked of God
courage, light, and strength to use his authority well, to uphold the divine
honor, defend the Church, and serve the good of his people. The ambitious
barons, who were not present at the coronation, were soon making extravagant
demands for more privileges and lands, thinking to take advantage of the King's
youth. But they reckoned without the Queen; by making clever alliances, she
succeeded in overcoming them on the battlefield, so that when Louis assumed
control some years later, his position was strong.
In May, 1234, Louis, then twenty, married Margaret, the oldest daughter of
Raymond Beranger, Count of Provence. They had eleven children, five sons and six
daughters. This line continued in power in France for five hundred years. In
1793, as the guillotine fell on Louis XVI, it will be recalled that the Abbe
Edgeworth murmured: "Son of St. Louis, ascend to Heaven!"
After taking the government of the realm into his hands, one of the young
King's first acts was to build the famous monastery of Royaumont, with funds
left for the purpose by his father. Louis gave encouragement to the religious
orders, installing the Carthusians in the palace of Vauvert in Paris, and
assisting his mother in founding the convent of Maubuisson. Ambitious to make
France foremost among Christian nations, Louis was overjoyed at the opportunity
to buy the Crown of Thorns and other holy relics from the Eastern Emperor at
Constantinople. He sent two Dominican friars to bring these sacred objects to
France, and, attended by an impressive train, he met them at Sens on their
return. To house the relics, he built on the island in the Seine named for him,
the shrine of Sainte-Chapelle, one of the most beautiful examples of Gothic
architecture in existence. Since the French Revolution it stands empty of its
treasure.
Louis loved sermons, heard two Masses daily, and was surrounded, even while
traveling, with priests chanting the hours. Though he was happy in the company
of priests and other men of wisdom and experience, he did not hesitate to oppose
churchmen when they proved unworthy. The usual tourneys and festivities at the
creation of new knights were magnificently celebrated, but Louis forbade at his
court any diversion dangerous to morals. He allowed no obscenity or profanity.
"I was a good twenty-two years in the King's company," writes
Joinville, "and never once did I hear him swear, either by God, or His
Mother, or His saints. I did not even hear him name the Devil, except if he met
the word when reading aloud, or when discussing what had been read." A
Dominican who knew Louis well declared that he had never heard him speak ill of
anyone. When urged to put to death the rebel son of Hugh de la Marche, he would
not do so, saying, "A son cannot refuse to obey his father's orders."
In 1230 the King forbade all forms of usury, in accordance with the teachings
of the Christian religion. Where the profits of the Jewish and Lombard
money-lenders had been exorbitant, and the original borrowers could not be
found, Louis exacted from the usurers a contribution towards the crusade which
Pope Gregory was then trying to launch. He issued an edict that any man guilty
of blasphemy should be branded. Even the clergy objected to the harshness of
this penalty, and later, on the advice of Pope Clement IV, it was reduced to a
fine, or flogging, or imprisonment, depending on circumstances. Louis protected
vassals and tenants from cruel lords. When a Flemish count hanged three children
for hunting rabbits in his woods, he had the man imprisoned, and tried, not by
his peers, as was the custom, but by ordinary civil judges, who condemned him to
death. Louis spared the count's life, but fined him heavily and ordered the
money spent on religious and charitable works. He forbade private wars between
his feudal vassals. In his dealings with other great princes, he was careful not
to be drawn into their quarrels. If, when putting down a rebellion, he heard of
damage inflicted on innocent people, by his or the enemy's forces, he invariably
had the matter examined and full restitution paid. Barons, prelates, and foreign
princes often chose him to arbitrate their disputes. A rising of the nobles in
the southwest occurred in 1242, but the King's armies quickly put it down,
although Henry III of England had come to their aid.
After recovering from a violent fever in 1244, Louis announced his
long-cherished intention of undertaking a crusade to the East. Although his
advisers urged him to abandon the idea, he was not to be moved from his
decision. Elaborate preparations for the journey and settling certain
disturbances in the kingdom caused him to postpone his departure for three and a
half years. All benefices in Christendom were ordered taxed a twentieth of their
income for three years for the relief of the Holy Land. Blanche was to be regent
during the King's absence. On June 12, 1248, Louis left Paris, accompanied by
his wife and three brothers. Their immediate objective was Egypt, whose Sultan,
Melek Selah, had been overrunning Palestine. Damietta, at the mouth of one of
the branches of the Nile, was easily taken. Louis and the Queen, accompanied by
his brothers, the nobles, and prelates, made a solemn entry into the city,
singing <Te Deum>. The King issued orders that all acts of violence
committed by his soldiers should be punished and restitution made to the persons
injured. He forbade the killing of any infidel taken prisoner, and gave
directions that all who might desire to embrace the Christian faith should be
given instruction, and, if they wished it, baptized. Yet as long as the army was
quartered around Damietta, many of his soldiers fell into debauchery and
lawlessness. The rising of the Nile and the summer heat made it impossible for
them to advance and follow up their success. After six months they moved forward
to attack the Saracens on the opposite side of the river, in Mansourah. The
ranks of the crusaders were thinned more by disease than by combat. In April,
1250, Louis himself, weakened by dysentery, was taken prisoner, and his army was
routed.
During his captivity. the King recited the Divine Office every day with two
chaplains and had the prayers of the Mass read to him. He met insults with an
air of majesty which awed his guards. In the course of negotiations for his
liberation, the Sultan was murdered by his emirs. The King and his fellow
prisoners were released, though the sick and wounded crusaders left in Damietta
were slain. With the remnant of his army Louis then sailed to the Syrian coast
and remained in that region until 1254, fortifying the cities of Acre, Jaffa,
Caesarea, and Tyre, which as yet remained in Christian hands. He visited the
Holy Places that were in the possession of Christians, encouraging their
garrisons, and doing what he could to strengthen their defenses. Not until news
was brought him of the death of his mother did he feel that he must return to
France. He had now been away almost six years, and even after his return, he
continued to wear the cross on his shoulder to show his intention of going back
to succor the Eastern Christians. Their position worsened, and within a few
years Nazareth, Caesarea, Jaffa, and Antioch had been captured.
The foundations for the famous college of theology which was later known as
the Sorbonne were laid in Paris about the year 1257 Its head, Master Robert de
Sorbon, a learned canon and doctor, was the King's friend and sometimes his
confessor. Louis helped to endow the college and obtained for it the approval of
Pope Clement IV. It was perhaps the most famous theological school of Europe.
The King himself founded in Paris the hospital of Quinze-vingt, so named because
it had beds for three hundred patients. He also received indigent persons daily
and saw that they were fed; in Lent and Advent he cared for all who came, often
waiting on them in person. He had, as we have said, a passion for justice, and
changed the "King's court" of his ancestors into a popular court,
where, seated in his palace or under a spreading oak in the forest of Vincennes,
he listened to any of his subjects who came with grievances and gave what seemed
to them wise and impartial judgments. The feudal method of settling disputes by
combat he tried to replace by peaceful arbitration or the judicial process of
trial, with the presentation of testimony. In later times, whenever the French
complained of oppression, their cry was for justice to be meted out impartially,
as it had been in the reign of St. Louis.
In I258 Louis concluded the Peace of Paris with his old enemy Henry III of
England. Though Louis had been victorious in most of the battles, he now
voluntarily surrendered to England the provinces of Limousin, Quercy, and
Perigord, while Henry renounced all claim to recover Normandy, Anjou, Maine,
Touraine, and Poitou. The French nobility were outraged by their King's
concessions, but Louis explained that he hoped thus to cement a lasting
friendship between the two nations. Unfortunately, peace did not ensue; the
Hundred Years' War was still to come. A similar compromise was made with the
King of-Aragon, by which France secured Provence and most of Languedoc, and gave
up claims to Roussillon and Barcelona.
One day, after standing godfather to a Jewish convert who had been baptized
at St. Denis, Louis remarked to an ambassador from the emir of Tunis that to see
the emir baptized he would himself joyfully spend the rest of his life in
Saracen chains. The King was determined to go on another crusade, and in 1267 he
announced his intention. His people objected, fearing they would lose their
excellent and revered ruler, who, though only fifty-two years old, was worn with
toil, illness, and austerities. The Pope supported the crusade, and granted
Louis one-tenth of all Church revenues to help meet the expense. A toll-tax was
also levied on the French people. Louis appointed the abbot of St. Denis and
Simon de Clermont as regents. His three eldest sons, Philip, John, and Peter,
accompanied him. The worthy Joinville disapproved the enterprise and stayed at
home.
Louis sailed with his forces from Aigues-Mortes, at the mouth of the Rhone,
on July 1, 1270, heading for Tunis, where, he had been told, the emir was ready
to be converted and join the expedition to win back the Holy Places. The crusade
was a dismal failure. On landing at Carthage, Louis learned to his dismay that
the information about the emir was false. He decided to wait there for
reinforcements from the King of Sicily. Dysentery and other diseases broke out
among the crusaders, and Louis' second son, who had been born at Damietta during
the earlier crusade, died. That same day the King and his eldest son, Philip,
sickened, and it was soon apparent that Louis would not recover. He was
speechless all the next morning, but at three in the afternoon he said,
"Into Thy hands I commend my spirit," and quickly breathed his last.
His bones and heart were taken back to France and kept enshrined in the
abbey-church of St. Denis, until they were scattered at the time of the
Revolution. Louis was strong, idealistic, austere, just; his charities and
foundations were notable, and he went on two crusades. Little wonder that a
quarter of a century after his death the process of canonization was started and
quickly completed the man who was "every inch a king" became a saint
of the Church in 1297, twenty-seven years after his death.
Last Instructions to his Eldest Son
Then he [Louis] called my Lord Philip, his son, and commanded him, as
if by testament, to observe all the teachings he had left him, which are
hereinafter set down in French, and were, so it is said, written with the king's
own saintly hand:
"Fair son, the first thing I would teach thee is to set thine heart to
love God; for unless he love God none can be saved. Keep thyself from doing
aught that is displeasing to God, that is to say, from mortal sin. Contrariwise
thou shouldst suffer every manner of torment rather than commit a mortal sin.
"If God send thee adversity, receive it in patience and give thanks to
our Saviour and bethink thee that thou hast deserved it, and that He will make
it turn to thine advantage. If He send thee prosperity, then thank Him humbly,
so that thou becomest not worse from pride or any other cause, when thou
oughtest to be better. For we should not fight against God with his own gifts.
"Confess thyself often and choose for thy confessor a right worthy man
who knows how to teach thee what to do, and what not to do; and bear thyself in
such sort that thy confessor and thy friends shall dare to reprove thee for thy
misdoings. Listen to the services of Holy Church devoutly, and without
chattering; and pray to God with thy heart and with thy lips, and especially at
Mass when the consecration takes place. Let thy heart be tender and full of pity
toward those who are poor, miserable, and afflicted, and comfort and help them
to the utmost of thy power.
"Maintain the good customs of thy realm and abolish the bad. Be not
covetous against thy people and do not burden them with taxes and imposts save
when thou art in great need.
"If thou hast any great burden weighing upon thy heart, tell it to thy
confessor or to some right worthy man who is not full of vain words. Thou shalt
be able to bear it more easily.
"See that thou hast in thy company men, whether religious or lay, who
are right worthy and loyal and not full of covetousness, and confer with them
oft; and fly and eschew the company of the wicked. Hearken willingly to the Word
of God and keep it in thine heart, and seek diligently after prayers and
indulgences. Love all that is good and profitable and hate all that is evil,
wheresoever it may be.
"Let none be so bold as to say before thee any word that would draw or
move to sin, or so bold as to speak evil behind another's back for pleasure's
sake; nor do thou suffer any word in disparagement of God and of His saints to
be spoken in thy presence. Give often thanks to God for all the good things he
has bestowed on thee, so that thou be accounted worthy to receive more.
"In order to do justice and right to thy subjects, be upright and firm,
turning neither to the right hand nor to the left, but always to what is just;
and do thou maintain the cause of the poor until such a time as the truth is
made clear. And if anyone has an action against thee, make full inquiry until
thou knowest the truth; for thus shall thy counsellors judge the more boldly
according to the truth, whether for thee or against.
"If thou holdest aught that belongeth to another, whether by thine own
act or the act of thy predecessors, and the matter be certain, make restitution
without delay. If the matter be doubtful, cause inquiry to be made by wise men
diligently and promptly.
"Give heed that thy servants and thy subjects live under thee in peace
and uprightness. Especially maintain the good cities and commons of thy realm in
the same estate and with the same franchises as they enjoyed under thy
predecessors; and if there be aught to amend, amend and set it right, and keep
them in thy favor and love. For because of the power and wealth of the great
cities, thine own subjects, and especially thy peers and thy barons and
foreigners also will fear to undertake aught against thee.
"Love and honor all persons belonging to Holy Church, and see that no
one take away or diminish the gifts and alms paid to them by thy predecessors.
It is related of King Philip, my grandfather, that one of his counsellors once
told him that those of Holy Church did him much harm and damage in that they
deprived him of his rights, and diminished his jurisdiction, and that it was a
great marvel that he suffered it; and the good king replied that he believed
this might well be so, but he had regard to the benefits and courtesies that God
had bestowed on him, and so thought it better to abandon some of his rights than
to have any contention with the people of Holy Church.
"To thy father and mother thou shalt give honor and reverence, and thou
shalt obey their commandments. Bestow the benefices of Holy Church on persons
who are righteous and of a clean life, and do it on the advice of men of worth
and uprightness.
"Beware of undertaking a war against any Christian prince without great
deliberation; and if it has to be undertaken, see that thou do no hurt to Holy
Church and to those that have done thee no injury. If wars and dissensions arise
among thy subjects, see that thou appease them as soon as thou art able.
"Use diligence to have good provosts and bailiffs, and inquire often of
them and of those of thy household how they conduct themselves, and if there be
found in them any vice of inordinate covetousness or falsehood or trickery.
Labor to free thy land from all vile iniquity, and especially strike down with
all thy power evil swearing and heresy. See to it that the expense of thy
household be reasonable.
"Finally, my very dear son, cause Masses to be sung for my soul, and
prayers to be said throughout thy realm; and give to me a special share and full
part in all the good thou doest. Fair, dear son, I give thee all the blessings
that a good father can give to his son. And may the blessed Trinity and all the
saints keep and defend thee from all evils; and God give thee grace to do His
will always, so that He be honored in thee, and that thou and I may both, after
this mortal life is ended, be with Him together and praise Him everlastingly.
Amen."
(Joinville, <Chronicle of the Crusade of St. Lewis>, contained in
<Memoirs of the Crusades>, Everyman Edition.)
* Editor's note: Louis IX was the oldest living
son of Louis VIII.
His older brother, Philippe, had died at an early age.
Endnotes:
1 The best contemporary account of Louis is contained in the <Memoirs of
Sieur de Joinville>.
Saint Louis, Confessor, King of France. Celebration of Feast Day is August
25.
Taken from "Lives of Saints", Published by John J. Crawley &
Co., Inc.
He narrated how it happened one early morning on a Friday. The Lord
Jesus appeared to him in a vision and showed him a multitude of priests.
The Lord seemed very sad and told Padre Pio: “Do you think my
suffering ended after hanging on the cross for three hours? No, I am
suffering until the end of time for the ones I love and I am suffering
until the end of time for the ones whom I have anointed.”
